It is nice to know that India comes at the second numbering the world, when the topic in discussion is ‘higher education network’. In India, the universities are created by the Central or State Governments by means of legislation, whereas the colleges are set up by either the state governments or by private bodies. All the colleges are affiliated to one or the other university.
Different types of universities:
- Central or State universities— Central
universities are funded directly by the Ministry of Human Resource
Development, whereas those on state level are funded by various state
governments.
- Deemed universities— They enjoy similar academic status and all the privileges of a traditional university. Examples are the Deccan College of Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune; Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai; Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore; etc
- Institutions of National Importance— These are university-level institutions funded by the Central Government and established or designated by Acts of Parliament. The institutes falling under this category include the Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Management and the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, etc.
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Classification of Colleges
Indian colleges can be broadly classified into four categories. The basis of this categorization is:
- The kind of courses offered by them (professional/ vocational)
- Their ownership status( Private/ Government)
- Their relationship with the university (affiliated/university owned)
- University colleges: The colleges, which are managed by the university itself and are usually situated in the campus of the university.
- Government colleges: The colleges, which are
managed by the state governments. Such colleges are few, in fact only
about 15-20% of the total colleges. The examination scenario, courses,
awarding the degrees, all the aspects are handled by the universities
to which these colleges are affiliated.
- Professional colleges: These colleges are mostly
in the fields of medicine, engineering and management. The number of
such colleges for other disciplines is very few. Such colleges are
managed and sponsored either by government or by private enterprises.
- Privately managed colleges: More than 70 percent of the colleges are found by the privately owned societies or trusts. But these colleges also have to abide the rules of the university they are affiliated to. The State Government also plays a role in funding them.
Indian Universities offer many courses in the following disciplines:
Engineering and Technology
Computer Sciences, Information Technology, Biotechnology and Bio-informatics
Medical, Dental, Nursing, Pharmacy and Paramedical
Agriculture / Veterinary Sciences, Dairy Technology and Fisheries
Arts & Fine Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences, Commerce, Science and Management
Hotel Management & Catering Technology, Travel and Tourism
Fashion Design & Technology
These academic programs are offered at Vocational Diploma, Undergraduate, Postgraduate and Doctoral levels.
Distance Education
There are 66 distance
education institutes in India. They are functioning in 60 different
universities. Besides these there are 11 open universities, which also
offer distance education programs. India Gandhi National Open University
(IGNOU), is one of the leading open universities, which caters to more
than 1 million students around the world.
Vocational Education
There are 1500 vocational institutes, which offer certified vocational
education in India. These vocational education areas include
agriculture, commerce, business, health and Para-medical, home science
and humanities in addition to engineering trades.
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Courses and Degrees
Undergraduate Courses:-
These courses in general are of three years and Bachelor’s degree is
awarded at the completion of these courses. These degrees are awarded
by the universities and higher education institutes in the streams of
Arts, Science, Commerce, etc. professional degrees in the subjects like
Engineering, Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy are of a longer time
period, usually ranging from four to five and a half years.
Postgraduate Courses:-
Postgraduate Courses in Arts, Science, Engineering and Medicine are
basically for two years and a Master's degree is awarded at the end of
the course. In some specialized fields such as a Bachelor of Education
(B.Ed) degree, the possession of a Bachelor's degree in any discipline
is required before taking the admission.
Some universities and
higher institutes put forward a diploma or a certificate course of
lesser duration courses in disciplines like Engineering, Agricultural
Sciences and Computer Technology. However the duration of these courses
is different from university to university.
Doctoral Courses:-
Doctoral courses such as M Phil and PhD are offered only at the
university colleges. These courses involve lots of thorough research
work under a chosen/allotted guide, involving thesis submission and
viva-voce.
Finishing point of PHD course delegates the title of 'Doctor' to the individual.
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